Name: __________________________ Date: _____________



1.
The central nervous system is composed of the:
A.
brain and spinal cord.
B.
brain and sensory nerves.
C.
motor and sensory nerves.
D.
spinal cord and sensory nerves.


2.
Skeletal muscle is also called:
A.
smooth muscle.
B.
autonomic muscle.
C.
voluntary muscle.
D.
involuntary muscle.


3.
Trendelenburg's position is MOST accurately defined as a:
A.
recumbent position with the head lower than the legs.
B.
supine position with the legs elevated approximately 6" to 12".
C.
recumbent position with the head elevated at a 25° to 45° angle.
D.
supine position with the legs elevated 6" to 12" higher than the head.


4.
The electrical impulse of the heart normally begins at the:
A.
sinoatrial node.
B.
bundle of His.
C.
Purkinje fibers.
D.
atrioventricular node.


5.
Which of the following statements regarding plasma is correct?
A.
Plasma transports the blood cells and nutrients.
B.
Approximately 45% of the blood is composed of plasma.
C.
Plasma has no role in the body's blood-clotting mechanism.
D.
Most of the body's plasma is contained within the large veins.


6.
A by-product of involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation is:
A.
heat.
B.
oxygen.
C.
nitrogen.
D.
lactic acid.


7.
Which of the following statements regarding anaerobic metabolism is correct?
A.
Anaerobic metabolism can be supported in most of the body's cells for up to 10 minutes.
B.
Anaerobic metabolism produces lactic acid and occurs when cellular oxygen is limited.
C.
The body functions optimally and produces maximum ATP during anaerobic metabolism.
D.
Without anaerobic metabolism, perfusion to the body would suffer and cellular death would occur.


8.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass across the alveolar membrane in the lungs through a process called:
A.
osmosis.
B.
breathing.
C.
diffusion.
D.
ventilation.


9.
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the digestive system?
A.
kidney
B.
pancreas
C.
stomach
D.
gallbladder


10.
The artery that can be palpated on the anterior surface of the foot is the:
A.
ventral pedis.
B.
dorsalis pedis.
C.
anterior tibial.
D.
posterior tibial.


11.
Urine is transported from the kidneys to the urinary bladder via the:
A.
prostate.
B.
ureters.
C.
urethra.
D.
renal duct.


12.
Which of the following statements regarding agonal respirations is correct?
A.
Agonal respirations result in excessive tidal volume.
B.
Agonal respirations typically occur before the heart stops.
C.
Agonal respirations are ineffective and need to be assisted.
D.
Agonal respirations are characterized by fast irregular breaths.


13.
The largest portion of the brain, which is commonly referred to as the “gray matter,” is called the:
A.
cerebrum.
B.
cerebellum.
C.
brain stem.
D.
diencephalon.


14.
Worn out blood cells, foreign substances, and bacteria are filtered from the blood by the:
A.
liver.
B.
spleen.
C.
kidney.
D.
pancreas.


15.
The topographic term used to describe the part of the body that is nearer to the feet is:
A.
dorsal.
B.
inferior.
C.
internal.
D.
superior.


16.
What three bones make up the shoulder girdle?
A.
clavicle, scapula, humerus
B.
acromion, clavicle, scapula
C.
acromion, scapula, humerus
D.
acromion, humerus, clavicle


17.
An increase in heart rate and contractility occurs due to stimulation of:
A.
beta-1 receptors.
B.
beta-2 receptors.
C.
alpha-1 receptors.
D.
alpha-2 receptors.


18.
___________ pressure is the pressure exerted by a liquid and occurs when blood is moved through the artery at relatively high pressures.
A.
Hydrostatic
B.
Osmotic
C.
Oncotic
D.
Diffusion


19.
What is the minute volume of a patient with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space volume of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min?
A.
5,600 mL
B.
6,000 mL
C.
7,200 mL
D.
8,000 mL


20.
The vocal cords are located in the:
A.
larynx.
B.
pharynx.
C.
oropharynx.
D.
nasopharynx


21.
What is the function of platelets?
A.
initial formation of a blood clot
B.
transport of oxygen and nutrients
C.
defense against invading organisms
D.
transport of cellular waste materials


22.
The most distal four spinal vertebrae, which are fused together, form the:
A.
ilium.
B.
coccyx.
C.
sacrum.
D.
ischium.


23.
Movement or motion away from the body's midline is called:
A.
flexion.
B.
extension.
C.
adduction.
D.
abduction.


24.
The leaf-shaped flap of tissue that prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing is called the:
A.
uvula.
B.
epiglottis.
C.
vallecula.
D.
pharynx.


25.
Which part of the central nervous system is responsible for coordinating bodily movements such as writing or sewing?
A.
cerebrum
B.
cerebellum
C.
brain stem
D.
hypothalamus


26.
Which of the following arteries does NOT carry highly oxygenated blood?
A.
aorta
B.
renal
C.
femoral
D.
pulmonary


27.
A young male jumped from a tree and landed feet first. What aspect of his body has sustained the initial injury?
A.
palmar
B.
plantar
C.
dorsal
D.
ventral


28.
The bones of the forearm are called the:
A.
radius and ulna.
B.
tibia and radius.
C.
humerus and ulna.
D.
radius and humerus.


29.
Abnormalities in metabolism are MOST likely caused by dysfunction of the:
A.
pancreas.
B.
thyroid gland.
C.
adrenal gland.
D.
parathyroid gland.


30.
The carpal bones form the:
A.
foot.
B.
ankle.
C.
hand.
D.
wrist.


31.
Cardiac output (CO) is affected by:
A.
heart rate only.
B.
stroke volume only.
C.
stroke volume and heart rate.
D.
the patient's blood pressure.


32.
The primary function of the right atrium is to:
A.
receive blood from the vena cava.
B.
pump blood to the pulmonary artery.
C.
receive blood from the pulmonary veins.
D.
pump blood to the lungs for reoxygenation.


33.
Select the areas of the spinal column in descending order.
A.
cervical, thoracic, sacral, lumbar, coccyx
B.
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
C.
cervical, thoracic, coccyx, lumbar, sacral
D.
cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacral, coccyx


34.
Both areas of the pons are used to:
A.
provide forced inspiration or expiration as needed.
B.
augment respirations during emotional or physical stress.
C.
ensure that the lungs do not overinflate during breathing.
D.
set the base rate and depth of breathing in a healthy person.


35.
At rest, the normal adult heart rate should not exceed:
A.
70 beats/min.
B.
80 beats/min.
C.
90 beats/min.
D.
100 beats/min.


36.
The autonomic nervous system controls all of the following functions, EXCEPT:
A.
digestion.
B.
breathing.
C.
breath holding.
D.
vessel dilation.


37.
Activities such as walking, talking, and writing are regulated exclusively by the:
A.
central nervous system.
B.
somatic nervous system.
C.
autonomic nervous system.
D.
involuntary nervous system.


38.
Which of the following glands regulates the function of all other endocrine glands in the body?
A.
thyroid
B.
pituitary
C.
adrenal
D.
parathyroid


39.
In relation to the wrist, the elbow is:
A.
distal.
B.
medial.
C.
lateral.
D.
proximal.


40.
A patient has a blood pressure of 130/70 mm Hg. The “130” represents:
A.
atrial contraction.
B.
ventricular filling.
C.
ventricular contraction.
D.
ventricular relaxation.


41.
Which of the following are central pulses?
A.
femoral and carotid
B.
brachial and radial
C.
temporal and pedal
D.
popliteal and ulnar


42.
The connecting nerve, a nerve of the peripheral nervous system, functions by:
A.
connecting the sensory and motor nerves and bypassing the brain.
B.
connecting motor nerves directly to the walls of the blood vessels.
C.
connecting sensory nerves directly to the posterior cerebral cortex.
D.
connecting the spinal cord directly to the target muscle or organ.


43.
Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors results in:
A.
increased heart rate.
B.
dilation of the blood vessels.
C.
increased cardiac contractility.
D.
constriction of the blood vessels.


44.
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract during:
A.
inhalation.
B.
exhalation.
C.
respiration.
D.
ventilation.


45.
Deoxygenated blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities is returned to the right atrium via the:
A.
common iliac vein.
B.
coronary sinus vein.
C.
inferior vena cava.
D.
superior vena cava.


46.
Breathing occurs as the result of a(n):
A.
decrease in oxygen, which increases the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
B.
increase in oxygen, which decreases the pH of the CSF.
C.
decrease in carbon dioxide, which increases the pH of the CSF.
D.
increase in carbon dioxide, which decreases the pH of the CSF.


47.
If an average-sized patient's chest barely moves during inhalation, even if his or her respiratory rate is normal, you should suspect that:
A.
minute volume is decreased.
B.
inspiratory reserve is increased.
C.
overall tidal volume is increased.
D.
expiratory reserve volume is decreased.


48.
The exchange of oxygen and nutrients for waste products of metabolism occurs at the cellular level in the:
A.
venules.
B.
arteries.
C.
arterioles.
D.
capillaries.


49.
The Hering-Breuer reflex is stimulated when:
A.
excess carbon dioxide needs to be eliminated from the body.
B.
stretch receptors in the chest wall detect that the lungs are too full.
C.
the DRG stops and the process of expiration begins.
D.
the brain stem senses that there is a low amount of oxygen in the blood.


50.
Which of the following signs of respiratory distress is typically unique to infants and children?
A.
seesaw respirations
B.
unequal breath sounds
C.
unequal chest expansion
D.
irregular breathing pattern


51.
Which of the following statements regarding the medulla oblongata is correct?
A.
The medulla reduces the rate and depth of breathing if it detects an increase in carbon dioxide levels.
B.
The medulla is sensitive to pH changes and sends messages via the phrenic nerve to contract the diaphragm.
C.
The medulla's primary role is to increase your level of oxygen, not to decrease your level of carbon dioxide.
D.
The medulla is a portion of the cerebrum and primarily responds to an increase in the pH of CSF.


52.
The topographic term used to describe the location of body parts that are closer toward the midline or center of the body is:
A.
lateral.
B.
medial.
C.
midaxillary.
D.
midclavicular.


53.
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
A.
connect both ovaries together
B.
supply blood to the uterine lining
C.
produce progesterone and estrogen
D.
transport a mature egg to the uterus


54.
The amount of air that remains in the lungs simply to keep them open is called:
A.
tidal volume.
B.
residual volume.
C.
inspiratory reserve volume.
D.
expiratory reserve volume.


55.
Key hormones of the sympathetic nervous system include:
A.
acetylcholine and insulin.
B.
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C.
glucagon and noradrenaline.
D.
norepinephrine and acetylcholine.


56.
Together, the right and left lungs contain how many lobes?
A.
three
B.
four
C.
five
D.
six


57.
The air you breathe is _______ oxygen, and the air you exhale is _______ oxygen.
A.
16%, 25%
B.
21%, 16%
C.
25%, 32%
D.
21%, 35%


58.
A patient in a semireclined position with the head elevated to facilitate breathing is in the ___________ position:
A.
prone
B.
supine
C.
Fowler's
D.
recovery


59.
The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is a part of the brain stem and is responsible for:
A.
initiating inspiration.
B.
inhibiting deep inspiration.
C.
controlling expiration.
D.
decreasing respiratory depth.


60.
What set of nerves is responsible for carrying information from the body to the central nervous system?
A.
motor
B.
cranial
C.
vertebral
D.
sensory


61.
The most superior portion of the sternum is called the:
A.
manubrium.
B.
costal arch.
C.
angle of Louis.
D.
xiphoid process.


62.
Anterior to the knee is a specialized bone called the:
A.
tibia.
B.
patella.
C.
femur.
D.
calcaneus.


63.
Hemoglobin is a molecule that attaches to ___________ and carries oxygen.
A.
monocytes
B.
erythrocytes
C.
leukocytes
D.
thrombocytes


64.
Which of the following statements regarding the heart is correct?
A.
It is under control of the autonomic nervous system.
B.
It can tolerate an interruption of oxygen for 5 minutes.
C.
It receives its blood supply from the pulmonary arteries.
D.
It relies on an external electrical source to correctly function.


65.
What happens when blood volume is lost from the body?
A.
Arterial blood is diverted to the skin and muscles.
B.
The veins dilate to increase systemic perfusion.
C.
Widespread vasodilation causes blood pressure to decrease.
D.
The arteries contract to increase the blood pressure.


66.
The atlas is the:
A.
point where the ribs attach to the sternum.
B.
seventh cervical vertebra, which is easily palpable.
C.
first cervical vertebra, which articulates with the skull.
D.
attachment between the first and second cervical vertebrae.


67.
The femoral head forms a ball-and-socket joint with the:
A.
ilium.
B.
ischium.
C.
acetabulum.
D.
femoral condyle.


68.
How does respiration differ from ventilation?
A.
Ventilation occurs when air is forced into the lungs, whereas respiration occurs when air is drawn or sucked into the lungs.
B.
Respiration occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, whereas ventilation occurs when those same muscles relax.
C.
Respiration occurs when oxygen is delivered to the cells of the body, whereas ventilation occurs when carbon dioxide is removed.
D.
Respiration is the process of gas exchange, whereas ventilation is the simple movement of air between the lungs and the environment.


69.
The part of the brain that controls the left side of the body is the:
A.
right side cerebrum.
B.
left side cerebrum.
C.
left parietal lobe.
D.
right temporal lobe.


70.
Which of the following is a function of the upper airway?
A.
relaxes bronchiole smooth muscle
B.
exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
C.
creates sound from vocal cord vibration
D.
warms and humidifies inhaled air


71.
The distal aspect of the tibia forms the:
A.
lateral condyle.
B.
medial malleolus.
C.
Achilles tendon.
D.
lateral malleolus.


72.
The large, flat, triangular bone that overlies the posterior thoracic wall is called the:
A.
glenoid.
B.
clavicle.
C.
scapula.
D.
acromion.


73.
The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles fill with blood is called:
A.
systole.
B.
diastole.
C.
cardiac output.
D.
stroke volume.


74.
Which of the following statements regarding nervous system control of the cardiovascular system is correct?
A.
When stimulated, the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for increasing the heart rate.
B.
Alpha-adrenergic receptors are located exclusively in the heart and are stimulated by epinephrine.
C.
Baroreceptors located throughout the body provide information to the brain regarding the blood pressure.
D.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to perform the same function.


75.
The ___________ is made up of the maxilla and zygoma, as well as the frontal bone of the cranium.
A.
orbit
B.
occiput
C.
mastoid
D.
sphenoid


76.
The ___________ portion of the spinal column is joined to the iliac bones of the pelvis.
A.
sacrum
B.
coccyx
C.
lumbar
D.
thoracic


77.
Relative to the adult's airway, the child's:
A.
tongue takes up less space in the pharynx.
B.
pharynx is smaller and less deeply curved.
C.
trachea is smaller, softer, and less flexible.
D.
mouth and nose are proportionately larger.


78.
The average adult has approximately ___________ of blood in his or her body.
A.
3 L
B.
4 L
C.
5 L
D.
6 L


79.
The descending aorta branches into the:
A.
deep femoral arteries.
B.
internal carotid arteries.
C.
common iliac arteries.
D.
external carotid arteries.


80.
The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the:
A.
pulmonary veins.
B.
pulmonary arteries.
C.
inferior venae cavae.
D.
superior venae cavae.


81.
The elbow is an example of a ____________ joint.
A.
hinge
B.
saddle
C.
gliding
D.
ball-and-socket


82.
Which of the following statements regarding smooth muscle is correct?
A.
A person has no voluntary control over smooth muscle.
B.
Smooth muscle is found exclusively within blood vessels.
C.
The biceps and quadriceps are examples of smooth muscle.
D.
Smooth muscle is under control of the voluntary nervous system.


83.
The kidneys and pancreas are called retroperitoneal organs because they:
A.
are protected by the anterior rib cage.
B.
are located behind the abdominal cavity.
C.
sit in front of the liver, spleen, and stomach.
D.
lie just anterior to the costovertebral angle.


84.
A 5-year-old boy has fallen and has a severe deformity of the forearm near the wrist. He has possibly sustained a fracture of the:
A.
proximal forearm.
B.
superior forearm.
C.
dorsal forearm.
D.
distal forearm.


85.
Which of the following is MOST characteristic of adequate breathing in an adult?
A.
use of the accessory muscles in the neck and cyanosis
B.
respirations of 30 breaths/min and reduced tidal volume
C.
cool, clammy skin and retractions above the clavicles
D.
respirations of 20 breaths/min and bilateral chest movement


86.
Negative pressure breathing involves:
A.
relaxing the respiratory muscles.
B.
a drop in pressure within the chest cavity.
C.
pushing or forcing air into the lungs.
D.
increasing airway resistance during breathing.


87.
The brain connects to the spinal cord through a large opening at the base of the skull called the:
A.
foramen ovale.
B.
vertebral foramen.
C.
spinous foramen.
D.
foramen magnum.


88.
All necessary life functions are coordinated in what part of the brain?
A.
cerebrum
B.
gray matter
C.
cerebellum
D.
brain stem


89.
Bile is produced by the liver and concentrated and stored in the:
A.
kidneys.
B.
pancreas.
C.
stomach.
D.
gallbladder.


90.
An intoxicated 40-year-old male is found lying face down. How would you document his body's position?
A.
dorsal
B.
supine
C.
prone
D.
recumbent


91.
The supporting bone of the arm is the:
A.
ulna.
B.
humerus.
C.
radius.
D.
clavicle.


92.
The major artery that supplies all other arteries with blood is the:
A.
aorta.
B.
carotid.
C.
brachial.
D.
femoral.


93.
White blood cells are also called leukocytes and function by:
A.
producing the body's erythrocytes.
B.
producing blood-clotting factors.
C.
protecting the body from infection.
D.
carrying oxygen and other nutrients.


94.
Large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is generated when:
A.
the cells function without oxygen.
B.
circulating blood glucose levels fall.
C.
the cells function with adequate oxygen.
D.
carbon dioxide levels in the blood are high.


95.
The cervical spine is composed of ___________ vertebrae.
A.
four
B.
five
C.
six
D.
seven


96.
The ___________ plane separates the body into left and right halves.
A.
sagittal
B.
coronal
C.
transverse
D.
midsagittal


97.
Twelve pairs of ribs attach to what section of the spinal column?
A.
sacral
B.
lumbar
C.
thoracic
D.
coccyx


98.
The primary organ responsible for absorption of products of digestion is the:
A.
pancreas.
B.
gallbladder.
C.
small intestine.
D.
large intestine.


99.
A person's bones would become brittle if he or she was deficient in:
A.
sodium.
B.
calcium.
C.
potassium.
D.
magnesium.


100.
During each heartbeat, ___________ of blood is ejected from the adult heart. This is called stroke volume (SV).
A.
40 to 50 mL
B.
70 to 80 mL
C.
90 to 100 mL
D.
100 to 120 mL



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